List Of Good Website
Friday, 13 December 2013
Tuesday, 26 November 2013
Educational Portals
1.ISRO Education Portal (click here to read more and visit portal) Department of Space (DOS) has the primary responsibility of promoting the development of space science, technology and applications towards achieving self-reliance and facilitating in all round development of the nation. |
Department of Space, ISRO Education Portal
Department of Space, ISRO Education Portal
The space activities in the country were initiated with the setting up of Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962. In the same year, the work on Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) near Thiruvananthapuram was also started. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in August 1969. Government of India constituted the Space Commission and established the Department of Space (DOS) in June 1972 and brought ISRO under DOS in September 1972.
The space activities in the country were initiated with the setting up of Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962. In the same year, the work on Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) near Thiruvananthapuram was also started. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in August 1969. Government of India constituted the Space Commission and established the Department of Space (DOS) in June 1972 and brought ISRO under DOS in September 1972.
Sunday, 24 November 2013
Vikramaditya: A Backgrounder
Introduction
At the
time of attaining our Independence our visionary leaders saw the centrality of
a powerful Navy and set us on the right course by envisaging an Indian Navy
centred on aircraft carriers for sea control in our expansive areas of maritime
interest. INS Vikrant, India’s first aircraft carrier was acquired from Great
Britain and commissioned on 04 Mar 1961. INS Vikrant was a Majestic class
CATOBAR (Catapult Assisted Take Off but Arrested Recovery) carrier and operated
Sea Hawk fighters, Alize (Anti-Submarine Warfare) aircraft and Seaking
helicopters. Consistent with its vision, India next acquired HMS Hermes, a
Centaur class STOVL carrier and a veteran of the Falkland War. INS Viraat was
commissioned on 12 May 1987 as India’s second aircraft carrier and India’s
first STOVL carrier operating the Sea Harrier aircraft. Soon after the
acquisition of INS Viraat, INS Vikrant was also converted from a CATOBAR
carrier to a STOVL (Short Take-off and Vertical Landing) carrier. INS Vikrant
was decommissioned on 31 Jan 1997, after 36 years of glorious service under the
Indian ensign. For almost a decade India had two aircraft carriers and the
Indian Navy was fully cognisant of the criticality of having an aircraft
carrier available for deployment on each seaboard to fulfil the Navy’s assigned
tasks. In recognition of the importance of aircraft carriers, the Indian Navy
had already started exploring the possibility of indigenously designing and
constructing an Aircraft Carrier, this project took off in right earnest in the
late 90s as the Air Defence Ship was conceived. However, given the long
gestation period of such projects, the search for a replacement for INS Vikrant
gained momentum as its decommissioning drew closer.
It was at
this juncture that Russia offered Admiral Gorshkov to the Indian Navy.
Negotiations over acquiring the 44,500 ton Admiral Gorshkov started in 1994.
Various high level delegations who had assessed the ship had independently
concluded that the ship’s hull was in good material state and would be worth
considering for exploitation in the Indian Navy with a suitable mix of
aircraft.
Signing
of the Contract
After
detailed negotiations the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding in
Dec 1998 during a visit by Russian PM Yevgeny Primakov. The Inter-Governmental
Agreement which included acquisition of Project 11430 (Admiral Gorshkov) was
signed between the Federation of Russia and the Union Government of India on 04
Oct 2000. After a Detailed Project Development Review, contractual negotiations
and thereafter price negotiations, Government approved the acquisition on 17
Jan 04 at a cost of Rs 4881.67 Cr for the complete package of R&R of the
ship, spares, infrastructure augmentation and documentation. The deal was
signed on 20 Jan 04 and the effective date of the contract was established as
24 Feb 04. The R&R of the ship commenced from 09 Apr 04.
The
repair and refit was being undertaken by FSUE Sevmash, the state owned shipyard
at Severodvinsk, Russia. The R&R was scheduled to have been completed
within 52 months. Though the refurbishment process was started in right
earnest, soon it was realized that the work and equipment requiring replacement
was significantly higher than originally estimated. Entire length of cable,
large portions of steel hull, motors, turbines and boilers, etc. would have to
be completely replaced with resulting in cost escalation and time slippage.
A
protracted renegotiation for arriving at a mutually acceptable price for
refurbishment was held in the ensuing months. Finally, in Dec 2009, the Indian
and the Russian sides arrived at an agreement on the final price of delivery of
this ship. More significantly, it was agreed that the delivery of the ship
would take place only in the year 2012. Though the re-negotiated price was
significantly higher than what was originally agreed upon, the fillip that the
addition of Gorshkov would give to the Blue water requirements of Indian Navy
compensated the greater price.
The
Journey of Admiral Gorshkov (nee Baku)
Baku on
Commissioning
The
journey of ‘Vikramaditya’ began as the Kiev class aircraft carrying cruiser
‘Baku’. Developed from the Moskva class helicopter carrying guided missile
cruisers the Kiev class was a pioneering Soviet era design, featuring a flight
deck arrangement capable of operating fixed wing VTOL fighters for the first
time in the Soviet Navy. Baku was constructed by Chernomorsky Ship Building
Enterprise, Nikolayev (now in Ukraine). About 400 enterprises and nearly 1,500
- 2,000 workers from different republics of USSR took part in building of the
ship. The ship was commissioned on 20 Dec 1987. Conceived as an armed cruiser,
Baku was heavily armed with twelve Anti-Ship Missile launchers, ten gun mounts
of differing calibre and rocket launchers and depth charges. The air element
comprised Yak-38 aircraft.
‘Baku’
was envisioned to be a full-fledged aircraft carrier by Admiral SG Gorshkov,
however, due to conflicting dynamics at that time, the ship turned out as the
last ‘compromise’ ship of the Kiev series. After her development and
construction, it became clear to the Soviet leadership that the vision of
Admiral Gorshkov of a classical aircraft carrier with ship borne aircraft as
the primary weapons was indeed the most logical way ahead to develop the
surface forces. On 07 Nov 1990, the ship was named after Admiral Sergey
Georgiyevich Gorshkov.
Baku/Admiral
Gorshkov began its active operational service with the Northern Fleet and was
deployed in the Mediterranean Sea and remained in active service till 1992 and
thereafter continued in service albeit with limited operational deployments.
The ship was finally decommissioned in 1996.
The Transformation
Project 11430
Admiral
Gorshkov was put in hibernation after her last sailing in 1995. With most of
her equipment lying un-utilised since then, the task of breathing life and
converting her from a VTOL (Vertical Takeoff and Landing) missile cruiser
carrier to a STOBAR aircraft carrier involved substantial degutting, equipment
removal, refit and re-equipping. The major works envisaged were modification of
flight deck to include ski-jump and arrester gear; modification of bulbous bow,
aft aircraft lift & ammunition lifts; modification of 1750 out of 2500
compartments; installation of new main boilers; installation of new and
additional Diesel Generators; replacement of existing distilling plants;
fitment of Reverse Osmosis plants, new AC plants and Refrigeration plants and
installation of new sensors and equipment. In 2007, as the refit and repair of
the ship was in progress, the yard realized that the scope of work was much
larger than initially estimated and so a revised timeline for completion of the
task of modernization was agreed upon by both Russian and Indian sides. With a
revised timeline the delivery of ship was expected by end 2012.
A Peek at the Scope of Work
Creation
of Ski Jump
Putting
the 900 tonne Ski Jump in place
Creation
of the flight deck with structural modification to convert the VTOL carrier to
a STOBAR carrier was the most intricate and arduous. The task involved
installation of Sponsons to increase the breadth at the Flight Deck and a
fitment of a new 14 degree Ski jump, strengthening of arresting gear area,
strengthening of run way area and elongation of the aft end to generate the
required length of landing strip aft of the arresting gear. In all 234 new hull
sections were installed to achieve the desired shape. Total steel work for
carrying out structural modification on flight deck amounted to 2500T.
Modification
of Super structure
The
superstructure was modified to accommodate a host of sensors and equipment such
as radars, Electronic Warfare suite and Action Information Organisation system
and other systems to suit the requirements of ship borne fighters and rotors. A
very unique structural modification that was carried out on board the ship was
the installation of the aft mast for accommodating various communication
antennae.
Machinery
Modification
Vikramaditya
in its older avatar was powered by boilers fuelled by heavy oil, FFO. The
re-equipping included replacement of these old boilers with state of the art
boilers utilizing LSHSD and providing a steam capacity of 100 Tonnes per Hour
each.
Electrical
re-cabling
The
initial estimate included replacement of only 1400 kms of old cable with new
cables. However, as degutting progressed and confined spaces were accessed it
was realised that an additional 900 kms of cable will need to be replaced.
Finally the mammoth task involved replacing 2300 kms of cable, which is a
little short of half of the entire coastline of India.
Outfitting
The
modification plan of Vikramaditya was not restricted to the gears and sparks
alone. The change also necessitated revamp of the living spaces and galleys to
cater to the needs of the Indian men in uniform. Of 2500 a total of 1750
compartments were completely re-fabricated. A host of new galley equipment
suited for preparation of Indian food like dosas and chapatis was also
installed.
Arrestor
and Restraining Gears
The
conversion of VTOL carrier to STOBAR involved fitment of three 30m wide
arrester gears and three restraining gears. Installation of these equipment not
only involved modification and strengthening of the flight deck but also
changes to internal layout of compartments.
Summary
To sum it
up, a total of 234 new hull sections were fabricated using 2500 tonnes of steel
which is almost equivalent to the standard displacement of a mid-size frigate.
Repair and re-equipping of Vikramaditya to give a new lease of life as a full-
fledged carrier was no mean task and was probably as demanding a task as
constructing a similar tonnage ship from the drawing board. The task was
enabled by the expertise and experience of the Russian designers and yard
workers working hand in glove with Indian experts. The extreme cold weather
conditions of winter only made the work environment harder. At the end of this
refit, spanning a little short of a decade, Vikramaditya has metamorphosed into
a fully capable and potent platform.
Rise of the Phoenix …
Big &
Agile
Vikramaditya
sailed for the first time under own power at 1200 hrs on 10 Jun 12, after a gap
of about 17 years.
The New Avtar ‘Vikramaditya’
An
aircraft carrier carrying potent long range multi-role fighters is a platform
inherently deigned for power projection. In as much as ‘Gorshkov’ was
transformed to create ‘Vikramaditya’, so also Vikramaditya will transform the
face of the Fleet Air Arm of the Indian Navy.
STOBAR
Carrier
Displacement
: 44,500 T
Length OA
: 284 m
Maximum
Beam : 60 m
Speed
: over 30 kts
04
propellers
powered
by 08 Boilers,
Aircraft
component : MiG 29K, Kamov 31, Kamov 28, Seaking, ALH, Chetak
Vikramaditya,
the floating airfield has an overall length of about 284 meters and a maximum
beam of about 60 meters, stretching as much as three football fields put
together. Standing about 20 storeys tall from keel to the highest point, the
sheer sight of this 44,500 tonnes mega structure of steel is awe inspiring. The
ship has a total of 22 decks.
With over
1,600 personnel on board, Vikramaditya is literally a ‘Floating City’.
Associated with this large population is a mammoth logistics requirement -
nearly a lakh of eggs, 20,000 litres of milk and 16 tonnes of rice per month.
With her complete stock of provisions, she is capable of sustaining herself at
sea for a period of about 45 days. With a capacity of over 8,000 tonnes of LSHSD,
she is capable of operations up to a range of over 7,000 nautical miles or
13000 kms.
Preparing
for sea trials
To enable
this 44,500 tonnes floating steel city to cut through the choppy seas with
speeds of up to 30 knots, she is powered by 08 new generation boilers of steam
capacity of 100 TPH at a very high pressure of 64 bars, generating a total
output power of 180,000 SHP. Vikramaditya heralds in a new generation of boiler
technology with a very high level of automation. These high pressure and highly
efficient boilers power four enormous propellers, each greater in diameter than
twice the height of an average male. Such a four propeller - four shaft configuration
is another first in the Indian Navy.
The 06
turbo alternators and 06 diesel alternators onboard generate a total
electricity of 18 megawatts to power various equipment of the ship, enough to
cater to the lighting requirement of a mini city. The ship also houses 02
Reverse Osmosis plants providing an uninterrupted supply of 400 Tons per day of
fresh water.
An
extensive revamp of sensors including fitment of Long range Air Surveillance
Radars, Advanced Electronic Warfare Suite makes the ship capable of maintaining
a surveillance bubble of over 500 kms around the ship.
The ship
has the ability to carry over 30 aircraft comprising an assortment of MiG
29K/Sea Harrier, Kamov 31, Kamov 28, Sea King, ALH-Dhruv and Chetak
helicopters. The MiG 29K swing role fighter is the main offensive platform and
provides a quantum jump for the Indian Navy’s maritime strike capability. These
fourth generation air superiority fighters provide a significant fillip for the
Indian Navy with a range of over 700 nm (extendable to over 1,900 nm with
inflight refueling) and an array of weapons including anti-ship missiles,
Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missiles, guided bombs and rockets.
Expansive
Flight Deck during night
The ship
is equipped with state of the art launch and recovery systems along with aids
to enable smooth and efficient operation of ship borne aircraft. Major systems
include the LUNA Landing system for MiGs, DAPS Landing system for Sea Harriers
and Flight deck lighting systems.
The heart
of the operational network that infuses life into the combat systems onboard
the ship is the Computer aided Action Information Organisation (CAIO) system,
LESORUB-E. LESORUB has the capability to gather data from ship’s sensors and
data links and to process, collate and assemble comprehensive tactical
pictures. This state of the art system has been specifically designed keeping
in mind the essential requirement on the carrier for fighter control and
direction.
One of
the most prominent equipment fitted on the super structure is the Resistor-E
radar complex. Resistor-E is the automated system designed for providing air
traffic control, approach/landing and short range navigation for ship borne
aircraft. This complex along with its various sub-systems provides navigation
and flight data to ship borne aircraft operating at extended ranges from the
mother ship. The precision approach guidance system aids the fighters on approach
to be directed down to a distance of 30 meters short of flight deck.
Vikramaditya also boasts of a very modern communication complex, CCS MK II, to
meet her external communication requirement. Installation of Link II tactical
data system allows her to be fully integrated with the Indian Navy’s network
centric operations.
In Baltic
Sea
Once
integrated, INS Vikramaditya will bring transformational capabilities to the
Indian Navy and will be a ‘game changer’.
Download the study material
You can download the study material from the
following websites:
1. Study
material from class I-XII from NCERT website, here you can download the study
material of any subject in any language English, Hindi, Urdu
2. Study
Material From Graduation to Postgraduation from e-gyankosh portal of IGNOU,
here first you have to signup or register with the website. When your account
is created you can login and download study material of required subject.
3. Take
help in writing or choosing “Dissertation” and “Thesis” title form Shodhganga
and Shodhgangotri portals of UGC, you can download complete “Dissertation” and “Thesis” free of cost without any registration with these sites.
Professional Councils in India
(click the following links to visit official websites)
- All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
- Indian Council for Agriculture Research (ICAR)
- Distance Education Council (DEC)
- National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)
- Bar Council of India (BCI)
- Medical Council of India (MCI)
- Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI)
- Indian Nursing Council (INC)
- Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH)
- Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)
- Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM)
- Dentist Council of India (DCI)
Projects and Commisions
Projects and Commisions for the advancement of education system in India
1. The National Knowledge Commission (click here to read more):
 |
| Click here to NKC website |
The National Knowledge Commission: is a high-level
advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, with the objective of
transforming India into a knowledge society. In its endeavour to transform the
knowledge landscape of the country, the National Knowledge Commission has
submitted around 300 recommendations on 27 focus areas during its three and a
half year term. While the term of the NKC has come to an end, the
implementation of NKC's recommendations is currently underway at the Central
and State levels.
2.Portals(NKN):
(click the below link to see portal)
 |
India Biodiversity Portal (www.indiabiodiversity.org) |
 |
Teachers of India (www.teachersofindia.org) |
 |
India Environment Portal (www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in) |
 |
India Energy Portal (www.indiaenergyportal.org) |
 |
India Water Portal (www.indiawaterportal.org) |
3. Shodganga(INFLIBNET:
Shodhganga: a reservoir of Indian Theses
Theses and dissertations are
known to be the rich and unique source of information, often the only
source of research work that does not find its way into various
publication channels. Theses and dissertations remain an un-tapped and
under-utilized asset, leading to unnecessary duplication and repetition
that, in effect, is the anti-theses of research and wastage of huge
resources, both human and financial.
Shodhganga: a reservoir of Indian Theses
 |
| Click here to visit Shodganga Website |
4.ShodhGangotri(INFLIBNET) : Repository of Indian Research in Progress
ShodhGangotri, a repository of Indian Research in Progress. It is also an initiative of Inflibnet and contains electronic versions of approved synopses submitted by research scholars to the universities for registering themselves for their Ph.D. programme
5.N-LIST(INFLIBNET Project) (click here to read more):
 |
| Click here to visit ShodhGangotri Website |
ShodhGangotri, a repository of Indian Research in Progress. It is also an initiative of Inflibnet and contains electronic versions of approved synopses submitted by research scholars to the universities for registering themselves for their Ph.D. programme
5.N-LIST(INFLIBNET Project) (click here to read more):
 |
| Click here to visit N-LIST website |
The Project entitled "National Library and Information Services
Infrastructure for Scholarly Content (N-LIST)", being jointly executed
by the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, INFLIBNET Centre and the
INDEST-AICTE Consortium, IIT Delhi provides for i) cross-subscription to
e-resources subscribed by the two Consortia, i.e. subscription to
INDEST-AICTE resources for universities and UGCINFONET resources for
technical institutions; and ii) access to selected e-resources to
colleges. The N-LIST project provides access to e-resources to students,
researchers and faculty from colleges and other beneficiary
institutions through server(s) installed at the INFLIBNET Centre. The
authorized users from colleges can now access e-resources and download
articles required by them directly from the publisher's website once
they are duly authenticated as authorized users through servers deployed
at the INFLIBNET Centre
6. Education and Research Network (ERNET), India (click here to read more) :
It is an
autonomous scientific society of Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Govt. of India). ERNET has made a significant contribution to the emergence of networking in the country. It practically brought the Internet to India
and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working,
especially in protocol software engineering. It has not only succeeded
in building a large network that provides various facilities to the
intellectual segment of Indian society—the research and education
community, it has over the years become a trendsetter in the field of
networking.
7. e-PG Pathshala(click here to see more):
The
MHRD, under National Mission on Education through ICT, has sanctioned a project
to UGC for production of e-content in 77 subjects at postgraduate level. The e-content
and its quality are going to be key components of education system in India in the
future. It is proposed to create high quality, curriculum-based, interactive
content in different subjects across all disciplines of social sciences, arts,
fine arts & humanities, natural & mathematical sciences and linguistics
and languages in PG studies. The e-content, so developed would be available in
open access through a dedicated Learning Management System as well as through
Sakshat Portal to all learners.
| 8.VIDWAN(INFLIBNET Project): EXPERT DATABASE (click to go to website)
VIDWAN is the premier database of profiles of scientists / researchers
and other faculty members working at leading R & D Organisation and
other Academic Institutions involved in teaching and research in India.
It provides important information about expert's background, contact
address, skills and accomplishments.
The database is being developed by INFLIBNET Centre, Infocity,
Gandhinagar. The database offers expertise of various subject from
Nation's leading institutions. Attempt has been made to provide access
to relevant and accurate information collected from various sources. Web
enabled interface has been incorporated to facilitate the search and
update names listed in the database. On Expert Database, you are not
limited to publishing a static Profile(s). Our members can take
advantage of many “value – added” offerings such as having Books and
Articles published on the personal website and linked to their
Profile(s).
Further, every expert whose profile is available in the database, has
been provided login ID and password with the persistent URL for future
updating of their profiles. The databases can be searched on parameters
such as name, designation, institution, specialization, state, etc.
Expert database is committed to excellence and value. We will continue
to improve on our offerings to better serve your interests.
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